Your ultimate guide to the City of Izmir, Turkey.
Izmir, located on the western coast of Turkey, holds great significance as the country’s third-largest city. Its strategic position makes it a hub of economic and cultural activity.
Situated on the stunning Aegean Sea, Izmir boasts a picturesque coastal location that adds to its allure. The city’s proximity to the sea offers visitors breathtaking views and a refreshing maritime atmosphere.
The city as gained immense popularity among both domestic and international tourists. Its unique blend of historical charm, vibrant culture, and natural beauty make it a must-visit destination for travelers from all walks of life.
Let’s delve deeper into each aspect of Izmir’s allure, uncovering hidden gems, and providing valuable information that will enhance the reader’s understanding and appreciation of this remarkable city.
Izmir, formerly known as Smyrna, has a rich history that dates back to ancient times. Founded by the Aeolian Greeks in the 11th century BC, Smyrna played a significant role in ancient Greek civilization as one of the twelve cities of the Ionian League.
During the Hellenistic period, the city flourished and became a prominent center of trade and culture. Its strategic location on the Aegean coast served as a gateway between the East and the West. Smyrna was renowned for its vibrant marketplaces, intellectual pursuits, and architectural marvels.
Smyrna continued to thrive during the Roman era and became an important provincial capital. The city’s well-preserved agora, serving as the heart of its commercial and social life, stands as a testament to its Roman heritage. The ancient theater, once hosting grand performances and events, showcases the enduring influence of Roman culture.
With the rise of Christianity, Smyrna gained prominence as one of the Seven Churches of Revelation mentioned in the Bible. It became a center of early Christian activity and experienced various periods of prosperity and decline during the Byzantine period.
In the 15th century, Smyrna came under the rule of the Ottoman Empire, bringing a significant transformation to the city. The Ottomans blended their own cultural and architectural influences with the existing Greek and Roman heritage.
During this period, magnificent mosques such as the Hisar Mosque and the Kemeralti Mosque were constructed, showcasing the unique Ottoman architectural style. The Ottoman influence can also be seen in the traditional Turkish houses known as konaks, featuring intricate woodwork and ornate interiors.
Izmir is renowned for its warm and welcoming hospitality, reflecting the Turkish tradition of generosity and kindness towards guests. Turkish tea culture is an integral part of daily life in Izmir, with locals often gathering in tea gardens or cafes to socialize and enjoy a cup of steaming hot tea. This tradition fosters a sense of community and provides an opportunity for meaningful conversations.
Izmir’s culinary scene is a melting pot of flavors, influenced by its historical connections to various civilizations. The city is famous for its seafood, with grilled octopus and stuffed mussels being local favorites. Other popular dishes include “boyoz,” a savory pastry filled with cheese or spinach, and “kumru,” a delicious sandwich made with grilled meat, cheese, and tomatoes.
The streets of Izmir are filled with food stalls offering mouthwatering street food options. Visitors can indulge in “midye dolma,” stuffed mussels served with a squeeze of lemon, or try “gevrek,” a sesame-covered bread ring that is a staple of the city’s street food culture.
Izmir takes great pride in its cultural heritage and hosts various festivals and events throughout the year. One of the most prominent events is the International Izmir Festival, which brings together artists from around the world to showcase their talents in music, dance, and theater. This festival not only celebrates the city’s cultural diversity but also promotes international cultural exchange.
Additionally, the Izmir International Fair, held annually since 1937, is a significant event that showcases the city’s economic and cultural achievements. It attracts exhibitors and visitors from different countries, providing a platform for business networking and cultural exchange.
In conclusion, Izmir’s history and culture are deeply rooted in its ancient Greek origins as Smyrna. The city’s historical significance during the Roman and Byzantine periods, as well as its subsequent Ottoman influence, have shaped its architecture, traditions, and customs. Today, Izmir continues to embrace its cultural heritage through its warm hospitality, diverse cuisine, and vibrant festivals, making it a captivating destination for both locals and visitors alike.
Getting to Izmir is a seamless process with multiple transportation options available. Whether by air, train, bus, ferry, or public transportation within the city, travelers can choose the mode that suits their preferences and needs. With its well-connected airports, efficient public transportation system, and additional regional airports, Izmir ensures that visitors can easily access the city and explore its many attractions.
When it comes to reaching Izmir, air travel is the most convenient and time-efficient option for both international and domestic travelers. Izmir Adnan Menderes Airport, located approximately 18 kilometers south of the city center, serves as the main gateway to the region. It offers a wide range of flights from various international destinations, making it easily accessible for travelers from around the world.
For international flights, major airlines such as Turkish Airlines, Lufthansa, British Airways, and Emirates operate regular routes to Izmir Adnan Menderes Airport. These airlines provide excellent connectivity, ensuring a smooth and hassle-free journey for passengers.
Domestic flights within Turkey are also readily available, with frequent connections to Izmir from major cities like Istanbul, Ankara, and Antalya. Turkish Airlines, Pegasus Airlines, and SunExpress are among the airlines that offer domestic flights to Izmir.
Transportation options from the airport to the city center are abundant. Taxis are readily available outside the terminal, providing a direct and hassle-free transfer. Additionally, shuttle buses operated by Havas and public buses offer affordable alternatives for travelers who prefer public transportation.
In addition to air travel, Izmir is well-connected to other cities in Turkey through an extensive network of train and bus services. The Turkish State Railways (TCDD) operates regular train services to and from Izmir, connecting it to destinations such as Istanbul, Ankara, and Bursa. These trains provide a comfortable and scenic way to travel, allowing passengers to enjoy the picturesque landscapes of Turkey.
For those who prefer bus travel, several reputable bus companies operate routes to Izmir from various cities across the country. Metro Turizm, Ulusoy, and Kamil Koç are some of the well-known bus operators that offer reliable and comfortable journeys to Izmir.
Another unique and enjoyable way to reach Izmir is by taking a ferry from nearby Greek islands. Izmir is conveniently located on the Aegean Sea, making it accessible from popular Greek destinations such as Chios, Samos, and Lesbos. These ferry connections not only provide an alternative means of transportation but also offer breathtaking views of the Aegean coastline.
Once in Izmir, navigating the city is made easy with its efficient public transportation system. Buses, trams, and metro lines connect various neighborhoods, making it convenient for both residents and visitors to explore the city.
The ESHOT bus network covers a wide area of Izmir, providing extensive coverage throughout the city. The buses are clean, comfortable, and equipped with air conditioning, ensuring a pleasant journey for passengers.
Izmir also boasts a modern tram system, known as the Izmir Light Rail System (İZBAN), which connects the city center with suburban areas. The tram offers a fast and reliable mode of transportation, with frequent services and stops at popular attractions and shopping districts.
Additionally, the Izmir Metro operates three lines, providing an efficient way to travel within the city. The metro lines connect key areas such as Konak, Bornova, and Fahrettin Altay, allowing passengers to reach their destinations quickly and conveniently.
To make the most of Izmir’s public transportation system, it is advisable to obtain an Izmirim Card. This rechargeable card can be used on buses, trams, and metro lines, offering a convenient and cost-effective way to travel around the city. The Izmirim Card can be purchased and topped up at various kiosks, metro stations, and authorized retailers throughout Izmir.
When using public transportation, it is essential to plan your journey in advance by checking schedules and routes. Timetables and route maps are readily available at bus stops, tram stations, and metro stations. It is also recommended to keep small change or a sufficient amount of prepaid credit on your Izmirim Card to avoid any inconvenience while boarding buses or trams
Izmir’s neighborhoods offer a diverse range of attractions and experiences that cater to different interests and preferences. From the historical landmarks of Konak to the vibrant nightlife of Alsancak, the peaceful residential area of Karşıyaka, and the academic excellence and green spaces of Bornova, each neighborhood has its own unique charm and contributes to the overall allure of Izmir. Exploring these neighborhoods provides visitors with a deeper understanding of the city’s rich history, cultural heritage, and natural beauty..
Konak, one of the most iconic neighborhoods in Izmir, is rich in historical landmarks that offer a glimpse into the city’s past. At the heart of Konak stands the magnificent Clock Tower, a symbol of Izmir’s cosmopolitan character. Built in 1901, this elegant structure is a testament to the city’s architectural heritage and serves as a meeting point for locals and tourists alike. Adjacent to the Clock Tower is Konak Pier, a beautifully restored 19th-century building that now houses a vibrant shopping center. With its stunning sea views and a variety of shops and restaurants, Konak Pier is a must-visit destination for both history enthusiasts and shopping aficionados.
Konak Square, located just a stone’s throw away from the Clock Tower, offers a vibrant atmosphere that captures the essence of Izmir. This bustling square is a hub of activity, with locals and visitors gathering to enjoy the lively atmosphere. The square is surrounded by shops, cafes, and restaurants, offering a wide range of culinary delights to suit every taste. Additionally, Konak Square is conveniently located near the Kemeraltı Bazaar, a historic market that dates back to the 17th century. This bustling market is a treasure trove of traditional Turkish handicrafts, spices, and textiles, making it a paradise for shoppers and a cultural experience in itself.
Alsancak, known as the heart of Izmir’s nightlife, offers a vibrant and diverse range of entertainment options. From trendy bars and clubs to live music venues, this neighborhood caters to all tastes and preferences. Whether you’re in the mood for a relaxed evening sipping cocktails or dancing the night away, Alsancak has something for everyone. The energetic atmosphere and friendly locals create an inviting ambiance that ensures a memorable night out in Izmir.
Alsancak also boasts picturesque attractions that showcase the city’s natural beauty and architectural heritage. The Kordon Promenade, a scenic waterfront stretch, offers breathtaking views of the Aegean Sea and is perfect for a leisurely stroll or bike ride. Along the promenade, visitors can admire the historical mansions that line the coast, each with its own unique charm and story to tell. These well-preserved mansions, dating back to the late 19th and early 20th centuries, provide a glimpse into Izmir’s rich history and architectural splendor.
Karşıyaka, located on the northern shore of Izmir, is renowned for its tranquil and family-friendly environment. This neighborhood offers a peaceful retreat from the bustling city center, with its tree-lined streets and well-maintained parks. Karşıyaka is home to numerous green spaces, such as Karşıyaka Park, which provides a serene setting for picnics, leisurely walks, and outdoor activities. The park’s lush vegetation, colorful flower beds, and peaceful atmosphere make it a favorite spot among locals and visitors seeking relaxation and rejuvenation.
In addition to its natural beauty, Karşıyaka also offers a range of attractions that cater to different interests. Fenerbahçe Marina, located on the coast of Karşıyaka, is a haven for sailing enthusiasts and offers stunning views of the sea. This marina is not only a popular spot for boat owners but also a great place to enjoy a meal at one of the waterfront restaurants while taking in the picturesque surroundings. Whether you’re looking to soak up the sun, explore nature, or indulge in delicious seafood, Karşıyaka has something to offer for everyone.
Bornova, located in the eastern part of Izmir, is home to Ege University, one of the leading educational institutions in Turkey. With its world-class faculty and diverse range of academic programs, Ege University attracts students from all over the country and abroad. The university’s presence in Bornova contributes to the neighborhood’s vibrant and intellectual atmosphere, making it a hub of knowledge and innovation.
Bornova offers a unique blend of modernity and nature, with its numerous shopping centers and abundance of green areas. The neighborhood is home to several shopping malls, including Forum Bornova and Ege Park, where visitors can find a wide range of international and local brands. Additionally, Bornova boasts an impressive number of parks and green spaces, providing residents and visitors with ample opportunities for outdoor activities and relaxation. Whether it’s enjoying a picnic in the shade of a tree or going for a jog in one of the neighborhood’s well-maintained parks, Bornova offers a refreshing escape from the urban hustle and bustle.
Izmir offers a plethora of must-visit attractions that cater to history buffs, culture enthusiasts, and nature lovers alike. From the ancient ruins of Ephesus to the captivating exhibits of the Izmir Archaeology Museum, and the panoramic views from Kadifekale and Asansör, each attraction provides a unique perspective on the city’s rich heritage and vibrant present.
The Ancient City of Ephesus, located just a short distance from Izmir, is a historical gem that transports visitors back in time. Stepping foot into this well-preserved ancient city is like stepping into a living museum, where the remnants of a glorious past come to life.
Ephesus was once a thriving Greek and Roman city, serving as a major center of trade and commerce in the ancient world. Its strategic location made it a hub of cultural exchange, attracting people from all corners of the Mediterranean. The city flourished between the 1st century BC and the 3rd century AD, leaving behind a rich tapestry of historical significance.
The ruins of Ephesus offer a glimpse into the grandeur of the past. From the imposing facade of the Library of Celsus to the awe-inspiring Great Theater, every corner of this ancient city tells a story. As visitors wander through the marble streets, they can imagine the bustling markets, the vibrant festivals, and the intellectual debates that once took place here.
One of the standout attractions within Ephesus is the Temple of Artemis, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Although only a few columns remain standing today, it is easy to imagine the sheer magnificence of this temple, which was once adorned with intricate sculptures and dedicated to the Greek goddess of hunting.
Another hidden gem within Ephesus is the Terrace Houses. These luxurious residences belonged to the wealthy elite of the city and showcase exquisite examples of Roman interior design. Intricate mosaics, frescoes, and marble decorations adorn the walls, providing a glimpse into the opulent lifestyle of the ancient inhabitants.
For history enthusiasts, the Izmir Archaeology Museum is a treasure trove of artifacts and collections that shed light on the region’s rich past.
The museum boasts an impressive collection of artifacts spanning various periods, from the prehistoric era to the Byzantine period. Visitors can explore exhibits that showcase ancient pottery, sculptures, jewelry, and coins, providing insights into the daily lives and artistic expressions of the people who once inhabited this land.
Of particular interest is the Ancient Smyrna section, which focuses on the history of Izmir itself. Here, visitors can discover artifacts that tell the story of the city’s evolution, from its earliest settlements to its prominence as a major trading center. Notable pieces include the statue of Poseidon, the god of the sea, and the sarcophagus of Heracles, a legendary hero of Greek mythology.
Perched on a hill overlooking Izmir, Kadifekale, also known as the Velvet Castle, offers visitors a captivating blend of history and panoramic views.
Kadifekale’s origins can be traced back to the ancient Greek and Roman periods, making it a site of immense historical importance. The castle’s strategic location allowed it to serve as a defensive fortress, protecting the city below. Today, its crumbling walls and towers stand as a testament to its storied past.
While exploring Kadifekale, visitors can stumble upon historical ruins that add an extra layer of intrigue to the experience. Ancient tombs, remnants of ancient buildings, and fragments of ancient walls are scattered throughout the area, providing a glimpse into the city’s past.
Additionally, Kadifekale offers picturesque picnic areas where visitors can relax and soak in the breathtaking views of Izmir. It’s the perfect spot to unwind, enjoy a leisurely meal, and appreciate the city’s beauty from a different perspective.
Asansör, an iconic landmark in Izmir, not only offers a convenient mode of transportation but also provides visitors with stunning views and a vibrant atmosphere.
Built in the early 20th century, Asansör was initially constructed to facilitate transportation between the lower and upper parts of the city. However, it has since become more than just an elevator. It has become a symbol of Izmir’s industrial past and a testament to the city’s resilience.
Upon reaching the top of Asansör, visitors are rewarded with breathtaking panoramic views of Izmir. The bustling cityscape, the sparkling waters of the Aegean Sea, and the distant mountains create a mesmerizing backdrop that captures the essence of Izmir.
To enhance the experience, the Asansör terrace is dotted with charming cafes and restaurants. Visitors can savor delicious local cuisine, sip on a cup of Turkish tea, or indulge in a refreshing beverage while taking in the mesmerizing views. It’s the perfect spot to relax, unwind, and soak in the vibrant atmosphere of Izmir.
Izmir offers a wealth of outdoor activities and natural beauty for visitors to explore. From its stunning beaches like Alaçatı and Dikili to its hiking trails in Mount Yamanlar and Sığacık Village, there is something for everyone. Additionally, the Izmir Wildlife Park provides a unique opportunity to connect with nature and learn about wildlife conservation. Whether you seek relaxation, adventure, or educational experiences, Izmir’s outdoor offerings are sure to leave a lasting impression.
Alaçatı Beach: A Paradise for Sunseekers
Nestled on the Çeşme Peninsula, Alaçatı Beach is a true gem that attracts tourists and locals alike. With its crystal-clear turquoise waters and pristine sandy shores, this beach offers a tranquil escape from the bustling city life of Izmir. The beach is renowned for its gentle waves, making it perfect for swimming and other water activities.
But Alaçatı Beach is not just about sunbathing and swimming. It is also a hotspot for windsurfing enthusiasts. The prevailing winds in the area create ideal conditions for this exhilarating sport. Visitors can rent equipment and take lessons from experienced instructors to ride the waves and feel the rush of adrenaline.
Dikili Beach: A Serene Retreat
For those seeking a more secluded and peaceful beach experience, Dikili Beach is the perfect choice. Located on the northern coast of Izmir, this hidden gem offers a serene retreat surrounded by unspoiled natural beauty. The beach boasts a picturesque landscape with its golden sands, clear blue waters, and lush greenery.
Dikili Beach is known for its calm and shallow waters, making it ideal for families with children. Visitors can relax under the shade of umbrellas, take leisurely walks along the shore, or indulge in beachside picnics while enjoying the breathtaking views.
Mount Yamanlar: A Hiker’s Paradise
Rising majestically on the outskirts of Izmir, Mount Yamanlar is a haven for outdoor enthusiasts and nature lovers. With its diverse flora and fauna, this mountain offers a plethora of hiking opportunities for all skill levels. The well-maintained trails wind through lush forests, revealing stunning panoramic views of the surrounding landscapes.
Hikers can embark on various trails that lead to the summit of Mount Yamanlar, where they can witness breathtaking sunrises or sunsets. Along the way, they may encounter unique plant species, such as the endemic Yamanlar tulip, adding to the allure of the hike.
Sığacık Village and Castle: A Historical Hiking Destination
For those seeking a blend of history and nature, a visit to Sığacık Village and Castle is a must. Located near Izmir, this charming village offers a picturesque setting for hikers to explore. The village’s narrow cobblestone streets, traditional houses, and friendly locals create an authentic atmosphere that takes visitors back in time.
The hiking trail to Sığacık Castle offers not only stunning views of the Aegean Sea but also a glimpse into the region’s rich history. The castle, dating back to the 16th century, stands as a testament to the area’s strategic importance during the Ottoman Empire. Hikers can explore the castle’s ruins and learn about its historical significance while enjoying the scenic surroundings.
Izmir Wildlife Park is a haven for nature enthusiasts and animal lovers alike. Situated on the outskirts of the city, this park is home to a diverse range of animal species, providing visitors with a unique opportunity to observe and learn about wildlife conservation.
The park’s exhibits showcase a variety of animals, including lions, tigers, giraffes, and exotic bird species. Visitors can witness these magnificent creatures up close and gain a deeper understanding of their habitats and behaviors through informative signage and guided tours.
In addition to its role as an educational facility, Izmir Wildlife Park actively participates in conservation efforts. The park collaborates with local and international organizations to protect endangered species and promote sustainable practices. Visitors can engage in educational programs and workshops that highlight the importance of wildlife conservation and inspire them to become stewards of the environment.
Located in the heart of Izmir, the Kemeraltı Bazaar is a vibrant and authentic Turkish market that offers a diverse range of traditional goods and local handicrafts. Spread across narrow streets and historic buildings, this centuries-old bazaar is a treasure trove of unique souvenirs and gifts.
As you step into the bustling Kemeraltı Bazaar, you are immediately greeted by the lively atmosphere and colorful displays of goods. From intricately woven carpets to handmade ceramics, leather goods, and traditional textiles, each item reflects the rich cultural heritage of Turkey.
One of the highlights of the Kemeraltı Bazaar is the aromatic spices and delectable traditional sweets. As you wander through the narrow alleys, the air is filled with the enticing scent of spices, drawing you towards the spice shops. Here, you can find a wide variety of spices such as sumac, saffron, and Turkish red pepper, essential ingredients in Turkish cuisine.
Additionally, the bazaar is a paradise for those with a sweet tooth. Numerous stalls and shops offer a wide variety of traditional Turkish sweets, including baklava, lokum (Turkish delight), and helva. These delicacies are made with age-old recipes and high-quality ingredients, ensuring a satisfying experience for any craving.
For a more modern shopping experience, head to Alsancak and Karşıyaka, two vibrant neighborhoods in Izmir known for their fashionable boutiques, designer stores, and local markets.
Alsancak, located near the city center, offers a diverse selection of clothing, accessories, and footwear. Here, you can find both international brands and local designers, creating a fashion-forward atmosphere that attracts both locals and tourists.
On the other hand, Karşıyaka provides a more laid-back shopping experience. This charming neighborhood is known for its local markets, where you can find fresh produce, handmade crafts, and unique artisanal products. The market stalls are filled with an abundance of colorful fruits, vegetables, and spices, creating a vibrant and aromatic atmosphere.
Both Alsancak and Karşıyaka provide visitors with the opportunity to indulge in unique shopping experiences and find one-of-a-kind souvenirs. In Alsancak, explore the narrow streets and stumble upon hidden gems such as antique shops and vintage boutiques, where you can find retro clothing, accessories, and home decor items. Karşıyaka, on the other hand, offers a chance to support local artisans and purchase handcrafted items such as pottery, jewelry, and textiles directly from the creators.
Izmir’s culinary scene is a true delight for food enthusiasts, offering a wide variety of traditional Turkish dishes that showcase the region’s rich gastronomic heritage. From street food stalls to upscale restaurants, there is something to satisfy every palate.
One must-try dish in Izmir is “boyoz,” a savory pastry made with flaky dough and filled with a mixture of tahini and eggs. This local specialty has a unique taste and is best enjoyed with a cup of Turkish tea. Another popular street food is “kumru,” a grilled sandwich filled with succulent meat, cheese, and tomatoes, providing a satisfying and flavorful snack.
When it comes to seafood, Izmir is renowned for its fresh and delicious offerings. The city’s coastal location ensures a steady supply of the finest seafood, which is expertly prepared in local restaurants. For an authentic culinary experience, head to the Kordon area, where you can find numerous seafood restaurants offering a variety of dishes, including grilled octopus, shrimp casserole, and fish meze (appetizers). The waterfront setting adds an extra touch of charm to the dining experience, allowing you to enjoy your meal while taking in the breathtaking views of the Aegean Sea.
For those seeking a more upscale dining experience, the historic district of Alsancak is home to several renowned restaurants that specialize in traditional Turkish cuisine. Here, you can savor dishes such as “İzmir köfte” (meatballs made with a blend of lamb and beef), “çiğ köfte” (spicy raw meatballs), and “midye dolma” (stuffed mussels). These dishes are prepared with locally sourced ingredients and showcase the rich flavors and culinary traditions of the region.
Izmir offers a wide range of accommodation options to suit every traveler’s needs and preferences. From luxurious five-star hotels with spa and wellness facilities to charming boutique hotels and budget-friendly options, there is something for everyone in this captivating city.
When it comes to indulgence and pampering, Izmir’s luxury hotels and resorts excel in providing a truly unforgettable experience. Here are five exceptional properties that offer top-notch amenities and spa facilities:
For those seeking a beachfront retreat, Izmir offers several luxurious properties with direct access to the sparkling Aegean Sea. Here are two beachfront hotels that provide an idyllic setting and a host of amenities:
For travelers seeking a more intimate and personalized experience, Izmir offers a selection of boutique hotels and restored mansions that exude charm and character. Here are two exceptional options that capture the essence of Izmir’s rich history:
Travelers on a budget need not compromise on comfort and convenience in Izmir. The city offers a range of budget-friendly accommodation options, including hostels and affordable hotels. These properties provide comfortable rooms and essential amenities at affordable prices, making them ideal for budget-conscious travelers.
Homestay and Rental Apartment Options for a More Local Experience
For those seeking a more authentic and immersive experience, homestays and rental apartments offer a unique opportunity to live like a local in Izmir. These options allow travelers to stay in private homes or apartments, providing a glimpse into the local lifestyle and culture. With a wide range of choices available, visitors can
When visiting Izmir, having a basic understanding of the local language and communication customs can greatly enhance your experience. While Turkish is the primary language spoken in Izmir, English is widely understood in tourist areas and hotels, although not as commonly spoken as in other major cities like Istanbul.
While English may not be as widely spoken in Izmir as in other major cities, making an effort to learn a few basic Turkish phrases and understanding the local communication customs can greatly enhance your experience and interactions with locals. Remember, even a simple greeting in Turkish can go a long way in establishing a positive connection and showing respect for the local culture.
Turkish is a unique language with its own alphabet and pronunciation rules. Learning a few basic phrases can help you navigate Izmir more effectively. Here are some essential Turkish phrases to assist you in communicating:
While Turkish may seem challenging to non-native speakers, making an effort to communicate in the local language is appreciated by locals. Here are some tips to overcome language barriers: